### 2.1.5 Choral

This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to choral music. This includes anthems, part songs, oratorio, etc.

#### References for choral

Choral music is usually notated on two, three or four staves within a `ChoirStaff` group. Accompaniment, if required, is placed beneath in a `PianoStaff` group, which is usually reduced in size for rehearsal of a cappella choral works. The notes for each vocal part are placed in a `Voice` context, with each staff being given either a single vocal part (i.e., one `Voice`) or a pair of vocal parts (i.e., two `Voice`s).

Words are placed in `Lyrics` contexts, either underneath each corresponding music staff, or one above and one below the music staff if this contains the music for two parts.

Several common topics in choral music are described fully elsewhere:

- An introduction to creating an SATB vocal score can be found in the Learning Manual, see Four-part SATB vocal score.
- Several templates suitable for various styles of choral music can also be found in the Learning Manual, see Vocal ensembles templates.
- For information about `ChoirStaff` and `PianoStaff` see Grouping staves.
- Shape note heads, as used in Sacred Harp and similar notation, are described in Shape note heads.
- When two vocal parts share a staff the stems, ties, slurs, etc., of the higher part will be directed up and those of the lower part down. To do this, use `\voiceOne` and `\voiceTwo`. See Single-staff polyphony.
- When a vocal part temporarily splits, you should use Temporary polyphonic passages (see Single-staff polyphony).

#### Predefined commands

`\oneVoice`, `\voiceOne`, `\voiceTwo`.

#### See also

Learning Manual: Four-part SATB vocal score, Vocal ensembles templates.

Notation Reference: Context layout order, Grouping staves, Shape note heads, Single-staff polyphony.

Snippets: Vocal music.

Internals Reference: ChoirStaff, Lyrics, PianoStaff.

#### Score layouts for choral

Choral music containing four staves, with or without piano accompaniment, is usually laid out with two systems per page. Depending on the page size, achieving this may require changes to several default settings. The following settings should be considered:

- The global staff size can be modified to change the overall size of the elements of the score. See Setting the staff size.
- The distances between the systems, the staves and the lyrics can all be adjusted independently. See Vertical spacing.
- The dimensions of the vertical layout variables can be displayed as an aid to adjusting the vertical spacing. This and other possibilities for fitting the music onto fewer pages are described in Fitting music onto fewer pages.
- If the number of systems per page changes from one to two it is customary to indicate this with a system separator mark between the two systems. See Separating systems.
- For details of other page formatting properties, see Page layout.

Dynamic markings by default are placed below the staff, but in choral music they are usually placed above the staff in order to avoid the lyrics. The predefined command `\dynamicUp` does this for the dynamic markings in a single `Voice` context. If there are many `Voice` contexts this predefined command would have to be placed in every one. Alternatively its expanded form can be used to place all dynamic markings in the entire score above their respective staves, as shown here:

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Staff {
>           \new Voice {
>             \relative c'' { g4\f g g g }
>           }
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \new Voice {
>             \relative c' { d4 d d\p d }
>           }
>         }
>       >>
>       \layout {
>         \context {
>           \Score
>           \override DynamicText.direction = #UP
>           \override DynamicLineSpanner.direction = #UP
>         }
>       }
>     }

#### Predefined commands

`\dynamicUp`, `\dynamicDown`, `\dynamicNeutral`.

#### See also

Notation Reference: Changing spacing, Displaying spacing, Fitting music onto fewer pages, Page layout, Score layout, Separating systems, Setting the staff size, Using an extra voice for breaks, Vertical spacing.

Internals Reference: VerticalAxisGroup, StaffGrouper.

#### Divided voices

Using arpeggioBracket to make divisi more visible

The `arpeggioBracket` can be used to indicate the division of voices where there are no stems to provide the information. This is often seen in choral music.

>     \include "english.ly"

>     \score {
>       \relative c'' {
>         \key a \major
>         \time 2/2
>         <<
>           \new Voice = "upper"
>           <<
>             { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket
>               a2( b2
>               <b d>1\arpeggio)
>               <cs e>\arpeggio ~
>               <cs e>4
>             }
>             \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } }
>           >>
>           \new Voice = "lower"
>           { \voiceTwo
>             a1 ~
>             a
>             a ~
>             a4 \bar "|."
>           }
>         >>
>       }
>       \layout { ragged-right = ##t }
>     }

#### See also

Notation Reference: Expressive marks as lines.

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